Let -

Then the received and sent wave-length is not equal

(1)

Wienn’s law with respect to the Doppler effect. Received wavelength can be expressed,

, or (2)

(3)

The received spectrum, CMB says nothing about the temperature of mass in the observed areas; it provides only information about the relation between the temperature of this mass and its velocity (2). The mechanism which brings this relation to effect is introduced.

Fig. 2, spectrum measured by NASA [2]: "Observations from ground-based, balloon-born, and satellite instruments show the CMB to agree with a blackbody spectrum (dotted line) across 3 decades of frequency and 4 orders of magnitude in intensity."

Agreement with the blackbody spectrum indicates that the observed mass (with velocity depended on its distance by Hubble’s law), has temperature also depended on distance. To get a spectrum corresponding with some temperature, the observed mass must not be this temperature. It must have temperature by relation (2).

[2] It includes the declaration: "This agreement with the blackbody spectrum indicates that the early universe was once in thermodynamic equilibrium".

This declaration is no better, since it ignores Wienn’s and Hubble’s laws.

• Any mass with any temperature provides this emanation per Wienn’s law. This cannot be doubted.
• Receiving the Planck spectrum from cosmic structures also cannot be doubted.
• We apply a different velocity of emanated mass to the drift of spectral lines.
• Reception from mass at low temperature is not absolutely different. We must accept the CMB as received.
• When CMB is received, all data must be included.

Text and graph by Edwin Hubble, excerpt [6]:

"The data in the table indicate a linear correlation between distances and velocities, whether the latter are used directly or corrected for solar motion, according to the older solutions. This suggests a new solution for the solar motion in which the distances are introduced as coefficients of the K term, i. e., the velocities are assumed to vary directly with the distances, and hense K represents the velocity at unit distance due to this effect. The equations of condition then take the form

rK + Xcos(alpha)cos(delta) + Y sin(alpha)cos(delta)+ Zsin(delta) = v. "

The current interpretation of "Hubble’s law" is different - see excerpt [7]:

Which interpretation is better? That which is able to explain more of the data. Contemporary explanations must accept the original data measured by Hubble (see picture above), and not omit data (points laying beyond line), where the scale of velocity is multiplied by about one tenth.

This picture demonstrates the result of omitting some of Hubble’s original data. We see also diversity in the value of "K". The many measurements, each with its own value of K. identifies it as a "coefficient" and not a "constant.

Has each area its "hard core"? a maximal radius and maximal velocity?

The last few years has brought us some interesting information.

The Chandra X-ray observatory demonstrated the remnant of some hard core of the Milky Way, Feb 29, 2000 [3], fig. 3.

The displayed area contains a mass of 2.6 million suns. That mass is the remnant of a greater mass, from epoch minimally 5 milliard years ago (5 * 10⁹Y). For more about the Milky Way, see [4]. The cosmos has a fractal structure; the step of the structure, higher than the Milky Way, using also the mechanism of the "Bang", is older and larger only.

"The Pre-galactic Universe" is described in [5]: "A first-generation star of a given mass was hotter than any later star of the same mass. With no elements to engage in the CNO cycle on the ``main sequence", core fusion proceeded by the p-p chain, driving the core temperature to ~10⁸ K to balance the pressure of the large masses."

The beginning of the process is highly energized. Mass erupted from this beginning will travel greater distances. At a later time, this mass has traversed great distances and has higher velocity, and also higher temperature.

Each area has its maximal velocity, so it is not easy identify its value. If Hubble’s velocity in some cases has a maximum of 97%c, agreement of the received spectrum with a blackbody one is absolute, then the relation between velocity and temperature has to be similar to Fig 4.

Temperature balancing velocity has a maximum of 68K. The next graph, Fig.5, shows a case, when Hubble’s velocity would have maximum of only 90%c.

Temperature balancing variations of Hubble’s velocity has a maximum of only 27K. This is the anticipated value at the Wienn wavelength (1.07mm). The NASA graph would be accurate, with wavelength of 1.07mm, so please replace 2.7K->1.7K, 27K-> 17K, 68K-> 42.8K.

The birth of stars means that the accumulated mass increases in density and temperature. At some point the nuclear reaction begins. From core to empty space there is an eruption of mass and emanations.

The aging process is a sequential loss of temperature and energy of erruption.

Mass from the beginning of the process travels maximal distance. This mass was erupted with maximal temperature, and there is mechanism which retains this high temperature. The mechanism is thermal emanation.

Thermal emanation has two influences: warming and acceleration.

The acceleration, important above all for small particles, and is described by the formula

a = acceleration of particle,

F = power acting to particle

M = mass of particle

S = surface of particle for electromagnetic emanation

I = intensity of electromagnetic radiation

After substitution we can see that particles with a diameter of less than about one micron are moved with a very small electromagnetic emanation which exists deep in the cosmos. Particles, erupted in the beginning of the process are transposed to maximal distance from the core, and have maximal velocity and high temperature. Particles, erupted later, travel less distance with smaller velocities and temperature.

This is the reason for the relation between velocity and temperature, and for the CMB to agree with the black-body Planck spectrum.

The Stochastic character of the full process influences velocity and temperature in any direction (or any distance). Result: a relation enabling pure Planck spectrum CMB is practically independent and necessarily contains irregularity at any period in the process of expansion.

Literature:

[2] NASA: Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background,

Copyright Smejkal, Nov 2004

Edwin Hubble antagonized A.Einstein. Edwin observed the expansion of some areas of the cosmos, not of the full cosmos. I think, that people who say "I know I know nothing" are more helpful than people who state "I know I know the full cosmos". Edwin cannot correct the statement "Hubble shows expanding of full universe". But we can state for him that His "K" is a COEFFICIENT, not a "constant"! The expansion areas are not the full cosmos!

A careful reader will see the Wienn wavelength in this picture is not 1.07, but 1.7mm. This may be an area of concern, but my interest is directed only to the above.