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ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS TO OBTAIN SCIENTIFIC ANSWERS
Nigel B. Cook
Alternate email:nigelbryancook@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION
‘(1). The idea is nonsense. (2). Somebody thought of it before you did. (3). We believed it all the time.’ - Professor R.A. Lyttleton's summary of inexcusable censorship (quoted by Sir Fred Hoyle in ‘Home is Where the Wind Blows’ Oxford University Press, 1997, p154).
Because of Drs Susskind and Witten, the media has let string theory go on without asking for definite testable predictions. I don’t think the layman public takes much notice of ‘theory’ it can’t understand. There are three types of not-yet-falsified theory:
1. Experimentally confirmed but mathematically abstract and possibly incomplete (Standard Model, relativity, quantum mechanics, etc.)
2. Not experimentally confirmed but popularised with best selling books, but possibly testable (Hawking radiation, gravity waves, etc)
3. Untestable/not falsifiable (over-hyped string theory’s vague landscape ‘predicting’ 10500 vacua, 10/11 dimensions, vague suggestions of superpartners without predicting their energy to show if they can be potentially checked or not, ‘prediction’ of unobservable gravitons without any testable predictions of gravity)
Back in 1996, ‘popular physics’ authors were flooding the media with hype about backward time travel, 10 dimensional strings, parallel universes and Kaku flying saucer speculation, and were obviously lying that such unpopular non-testable guesses were science.
These are all existing accepted facts; the Feynman diagrams are widely accepted, as is the spacetime, the big bang, Newton’s laws of motion. The result, that apples fall at the measured acceleration, is apparently ‘only a personal pet theory that should be suppressed from arXiv.org and ignored’. Drs Lee Smolin and Peter Woit could sit under an apple tree to verify that existing ‘string theory’ gravity is ‘speculative gibberish’: it is an effort to destroy science using untestable
hocus pocus ‘string theory’!Nigel Says: January 14th, 2006 at 2:18 pm
Some
kind of loop quantum gravity is going to be the right theory, since it is a spin
foam vacuum. People at present are obsessed with the particles that string
theory deals with, to the exclusion of the force mediating vacuum. Once
prejudices are overcome, proper funding of LQG should produce
results.
Lee Smolin Says: January 14th, 2006 at 4:41 pm
..
Thanks also to Nigel for those supporting comments. Of course more support will
lead to more results, but I would stress that I don’t care nearly as much that
LQG gets more support as that young people are rewarded for taking the risk to
develop new ideas and proposals. To go from a situation where a young person’s
career was tied to string theory to one in which it was tied to LQG would not be
good enough. Instead, what is needed overall is that support for young
scientists is not tied to their loyalty to particular research programs set out
by we older people decades ago, but rather is on the basis only of the quality
of their own ideas and work as well as their intellectual independence. If young
people were in a situation where they knew they were to be supported based on
their ability to invent and develop new ideas, and were discounted for working
on older ideas, then they would themselves choose the most promising ideas and
directions. I suspect that science has slowed down these last three decades
partly as a result of a reduced level of intellectual and creative independence
available to young people.
Thanks,
Lee
Sadly then, Dr Lubos Motl, string ‘theorist’ and assistant professor at harvard, tried to ridicule this aproach by the false claim that Dirac’s quantum field theory disproves a spacetme babric, as it is allegedly a unification of special relativity (which denies spacetime fabric) and quantum mechanics. Motl tried to ridicule me with this, although I had already explained the reason to him! "An important part of all totalitarian systems is an efficient propaganda machine. ... to protect the 'official opinion' as the only opinion that one is effectively allowed to have." - STRING THEORIST Dr Lubos Motl: http://motls.blogspot.com/2006/01/power-of-propaganda.html Here is a summary of the reasons why Dirac’s unification is only for the maths of special relativity, not the principle of no-fabric, and in fact Dirac was an electrical engineer before becoming a theoretical physicist, and later wrote:
‘… with the new theory of electrodynamics [vacuum filled with virtual particles] we are rather forced to have an aether.’ – Paul A. M. Dirac, ‘Is There an Aether?,’ Nature, v168, 1951, p906. (If you have a kid playing with magnets, how do you explain the pull and push forces felt through space? As ‘magic’?) See also Dirac’s paper in Proc. Roy. Soc. v.A209, 1951, p.291.
Thankfully, Peter Woit has retained so far a comment on the discussion post for loop quantum gravity which points out that Motl is wrong:
http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=330
anonymous
Says:Lumos has a long list of publications about speculation on unobservables. So I guess he’s well qualified to make vacuous assertions. What I’d like to see debated is the fact that the spin foam vacuum is modelling physical processes KNOWN to exist, as even the string theorists authors of
http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0601129 admit, p14: ‘… it is thus perhaps best to view spin foam models … as a novel way of defining a (regularised) path integral in quantum gravity. Even without a clear-cut link to the canonical spin network quantisation programme, it is conceivable that spin foam models can be constructed which possess a proper semi-classical limit in which the relation to classical gravitational physics becomes clear. For this reason, it has even been suggested that spin foam models may provide a possible ‘way out’ if the difficulties with the conventional Hamiltonian approach should really prove insurmountable.’Strangely, the ‘critics’ are ignoring the consensus on where LQG is a useful approach, and just trying to ridicule it. In a recent post on his blog, for example, Motl states that special relativity should come from LQG. Surely Motl knows that GR deals better with the situation than SR, which is a restricted theory that is not even able to deal with the spacetime fabric (SR implicitly assumes NO spacetime fabric curvature, to avoid acceleration!).
When asked, Motl responds by saying Dirac’s equation in QFT is a unification of SR and QM. What Motl doesn’t grasp is that the ‘SR’ EQUATIONS are the same in GR as in SR, but the background is totally different:
‘The special theory of relativity … does not extend to non-uniform motion … The laws of physics must be of such a nature that they apply to systems of reference in any kind of motion. Along this road we arrive at an extension of the postulate of relativity… The general laws of nature are to be expressed by equations which hold good for all systems of co-ordinates, that is, are co-variant with respect to any substitutions whatever (generally co-variant). …’ – Albert Einstein, ‘The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity’, Annalen der Physik, v49, 1916.
What a pity Motl can’t understand the distinction and its implications.
(See also http://nigelcook0.tripod.com/ and scroll down; http://lqg.blogspot.com/, and http://electrogravity.blogspot.com/)
Light has momentum and exerts pressure, delivering energy. Continuous exchange of high-energy gauge bosons can only be detected as the normal forces and inertia they produce.
QUANTUM LOOP GRAVITY: SPIN FOAM VACUUM
The fabric of spacetime is a sea in which boson radiations spend part of their time converted into a perfect fluid of matter-antimatter.
‘In
1986, Abhay Ashtekar reformulated Einstein’s field equations of general relativity using what have come to be known as Ashtekar variables, a particular flavor of Einstein-Cartan theory with a complex connection. He was able to quantize gravity using gauge field theory. In the Ashtekar formulation, the fundamental objects are a rule for parallel transport (technically, a connection) and a coordinate frame (called a vierbein) at each point. Because the Ashtekar formulation was background-independent, it was possible to use Wilson loops as the basis for a nonperturbative quantization of gravity. Explicit (spatial) diffeomorphism invariance of the vacuum state plays an essential role in the regularization of the Wilson loop states. Around 1990, Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin obtained an explicit basis of states of quantum geometry, which turned out to be labelled by Penrose’s spin networks.’ - Wikipedia.In the October 1996 issue letters page of Electronics World the basic mechanism was first released, with further notices placed in the June 1999 and January 2001 issues. Two articles in the August 2002 and April 2003 issues, were followed by letters in various issues. In 2004, the result
r = rlocal e3 was obtained using the mass continuity equation of hydrodynamics and the Hubble law, allowing for the higher density of the earlier time big bang universe with increasing distance (divergence in spacetime or redshift of gauge bosons, prevents the increase in effective observable density from going to infinity with increasing distance/time past!). In 2005, a radiation pressure-based calculation was added and many consequences were worked out. The first approach worked on is the ‘alternative proof’ below, the fluid spacetime fabric: the fabric of spacetime described by the Feynman path integrals can be usefully modelled by the ‘spin foam vacuum’ of ‘loop quantum gravity’.The observed supernova dimming was predicted via the Oct 96 Electronics World magazine, ahead of discovery by Perlmutter, et al. The omitted mechanism (above) from general relativity does away with ‘dark energy’ by showing that gravity generated by the mechanism of expansion does now slow down the recession. In addition, it proves that the ‘critical density’ obtained by general relativity ignoring the gravity mechanism above is too high by a factor of half the cube of mathematical constant e, in other words a factor of 10. The prediction was not published in PRL, Nature, CQG, etc., because of bigotry toward ‘alternatives’ to vacuous string theory:
‘(1). The idea is nonsense. (2). Somebody thought of it before you did. (3). We believed it all the time.’ - Professor R.A. Lyttleton's summary of inexcusable censorship (quoted by Sir Fred Hoyle in ‘Home is Where the Wind Blows’ Oxford University Press, 1997, p154).
*********************
Light has momentum and exerts pressure, delivering energy. The pressure towards us due to the gauge bosons (force-causing radiation of quantum field theory), produces the contraction effect of general relativity and also gravity by pushing us from all directions equally, except where reduced by the shielding of the planet earth below us. Hence, the overriding push is that coming downwards from the stars above us, which is greater than the shielded effect coming up through the earth. This is the mechanism of the acceleration due to gravity. We are seeing the past with distance in the big bang! Gravity consists of gauge boson radiation, coming from the past just like light itself. The big bang causes outward acceleration in observable spacetime (variation in speed from 0 toward c per variation of times past from 0 toward 15,000,000,000 years), hence force by Newton’s empirical 2nd law, F = ma. The 3rd empirical law of Newton says there’s equal inward force, carried by gauge bosons that get shielded by mass, proving gravity to within 1.65%.
The proofs below show that the local density (i.e., density at 15,000,000,000 years after origin) of the universe is:
r (local) = 3H2/(4pe3 G). The mechanism also shows that because gravity is an inward push as reaction to surrounding expansion, there is asymmetry at great distances and thus no gravitational retardation of the expansion (predicted via October 1996 issue of Electronics World, before experimental confirmation by Perlmutter using automated CCD observations of distant supernovae). Because there is no slowing down due to the mechanism, the application of general relativity to cosmology is modified slightly, and the radius of the universe is R = ct = c/H, where H is Hubble constant. The observable recession velocity in spacetime is a = dv/dt = c/t = Hc.Hence, outward force of big bang: F = Ma = [(4/3)
pR3 r (local) ].[Hc] = c4 / (e3 G) = 6.0266 x 1042 Newtons. Notice the permitted high accuracy, since the force is simply F = c4 / (e3 G), where c, e (a mathematical constant) and G are all well known. (The density and Hubble constant have cancelled out.) When you put this result for outward force into the geometry in the lower illustration above and allow for the effective outward force being e3 times stronger than the actual force (on account of the higher density of the earlier universe, since we are seeing – and being affected by – radiation from the past, see calculations later on), you get F = Gm2 /r2 Newtons, if the shielding area is taken as the black hole area (radius 2Gm/c2 ). Why m2 ? Because all mass is created by the same fundamental particles, the ‘Higgs bosons’ of the standard model, which are the building blocks of all mass, inertial and gravitational!The heuristic explanation of this 137 anomaly is just the shielding factor by the polarised vacuum
‘All charges are surrounded by clouds of virtual photons, which spend
part of their existence dissociated into fermion-antifermion pairs. The virtual
fermions with charges opposite to the bare charge will be, on average, closer to
the bare charge than those virtual particles of like sign. Thus, at large
distances, we observe a reduced bare charge due to this screening effect.’ – I.
Levine, D. Koltick, et al., Physical Review Letters, v.78, 1997, no.3,
p.424.
The muon is 1.5 units on this scale but this is heuristically
explained by a coupling of the core (mass 1) with a virtual particle, just as
the electron couples increasing its magnetic moment to about 1 +
1/(2
The mechanism is that the 137 number is the ratio between the strong nuclear and the electromagnetic force strength, which is a unification arising due to the polarisation of the vacuum around a fundamental particle core. Therefore, the Coulomb force near the core of the electron is the same as the strong nuclear force (137 times the observed Coulomb force), but 99.27% of the core force is shielded by the veil of polarised vacuum surrounding the core. Therefore, if the mass-causing Higgs bosons of the vacuum are outside the polarised veil, they couple weakly, giving a mass 137 times smaller (electron mass), and if they are inside the veil of polarised vacuum, they couple 137 times more strongly, giving higher mass particles like muons, quarks, etc (depending on the discrete number of Higgs bosons coupling to the particle core: the for all directly observable elementary particle masses (quarks are not directly observable, only as mesons and baryons) is (0.511 Mev).(137/2)n(N + 1) = 35n(N + 1) Mev
This idea predicts that a particle core with n fundamental particles (n=1
for leptons, n = 2 for mesons, and obviously n=3 for baryons) coupling to N
virtual vacuum particles (N is an integer) will have an associative inertial
mass of Higgs bosons of:
(0.511 Mev).(137/2)n(N + 1) = 35n(N + 1) Mev,
where 0.511 Mev is the electron mass. Thus we get everything from this one mass plus integers 1,2,3 etc, with a mechanism. We test this below against data for mass of muon and all ‘long-lived’ hadrons.
The problem is that people are used to looking to abstruse theory due to the success of QFT in some areas, and looking at the data is out of fashion. If you look at history of chemistry there were particle masses of atoms and it took school teachers like Dalton and a Russian to work out periodicity, because the bigwigs were obsessed with vortex atom maths, the ‘string theory’ of that age. Eventually, the obscure school teachers won out over the mathematicians, because the vortex atom (or string theory equivalent) did nothing, but empirical analysis did stuff. It was eventually explained theoretically!
There was a crude empirical equation for lepton masses by A.O. Barut, PRL, v. 42 (1979), p. 1251. We can extend the basic idea to hadrons. The muon is 1.5 units on this scale but this is heuristically explained by a coupling of the core (mass 1) with a virtual particle, just as the electron couples increasing its magnetic moment to about 1 + 1/(2.Pi.137). The mass increase of a muon is 1 + 1/2 because Pi is due to spin and the 137 shielding factor doesn’t apply to bare particles cores in proximity, as it is due to the polarised vacuum veil at longer ranges. This is why unification of forces is approached with higher energy interactions, which penetrate the veil. This idea predicts that a particle core with n fundamental particles (n=1 for leptons, n = 2 for mesons, and obviously n=3 for baryons) coupling to N virtual vacuum particles (N is an integer) will have an associative inertial mass of Higgs bosons of: (0.511 Mev).(137)n(N + 1)/2 = 35n(N +1) Mev.
Accuracy tested against data for mass of muon and all ‘long-lived’ hadrons:
LEPTON (n=1)
Muon (N=2): 105 Mev (105.66 Mev measured), 0.6% error!
HADRONS
Mesons (contain n=2 quarks):
Pions (N=1): 140 Mev (139.57 and 134.96 actual), 0.3% and 3.7%
errors!
Kaons (N=6): 490 Mev (493.67 and 497.67 actual), 0.7% and 1.6%
errors!
Eta (N=7): 560 Mev (548.8 actual), 2% error!
Baryons (contain n=3 quarks):
Nucleons (N=8): 945 Mev (938.28 and 939.57 actual), 0.7% and 0.6%
errors!
Lambda (N=10): 1155 Mev (1115.60 actual), 3.5% error!
Sigmas
(N=10): 1155 Mev (1189.36, 1192.46, and 1197.34 actual), 3.0%, 3.2% and 3.7%
errors!
Xi (N=12): 1365 Mev (1314.9 and 1321.3 actual), 3.8% and 3.3%
errors!
Omega (N=15): 1680 Mev (1672.5 actual), 0.4%
error!
The mechanism is that the charge of the bare electron core is 137 times the Coulomb (polarisation-shielded) value, so vacuum interactions of bare cores of fundamental particles attract 137 times as much virtual mass from the vacuum, increasing the inertia similarly. It is absurd that these close fits, with only a few percent deviation, are random chance, and this can be shown by statistical testing using random numbers as the null hypothesis. So there is empirical evidence that this heuristic interpretation is on the right lines, whereas the ‘renormalisation’ is bogus:
http://www.cgoakley.demon.co.uk/qft/Masses of Mesons:
Pions = 1.99 (charged), 1.93 (neutral)
Kaons = 7.05 (charged), 7.11 (neutral)
Eta = 7.84
Masses of Baryons:
Nucleons = 13.4
Lambda = 15.9
Sigmas = 17.0 (positive and neutral), 17.1 (negative)
Xi = 18.8 (neutral), 18.9 (negative)
Omega = 23.9
The masses above for all the major long-lived hadrons are in units of (electron mass)x137. A statistical Chi-squared correlation test against random numbers as the null hypothesis, indeed gives positive statistical evidence that they are close to integers. The mechanism is that the charge of the bare electron core is 137 times the Coulomb (polarisation-shielded) value, so vacuum interactions of bare cores of fundamental particles attract 137 times as much virtual mass from the vacuum, increasing the inertia that much too. Leptons and nucleons are the things most people focus on, and are not integers when the masses are in units of (electron mass)x137. The muon is about 1.5 units on this scale but this can be explained by a coupling of the core (mass 1) with a virtual particle, just as the electron couples increasing its magnetic moment to 1 + 1/(2.Pi.137). The mass increase of the muon is 1 + 1/2 because the Pi is due to spin and the 137 shielding factor doesn’t apply to bare cores in proximity.
To recap, the big bang has an outward force of 6.0266 x 1042 Newtons (by Newton’s 2nd law) that results in an equal inward force (by Newton’s 3rd law) which causes gravity as a shielded inward force, Higgs field or rather gauge boson pressure. This is based on standard heuristic quantum field theory (for the Feynman path integral approach), where forces are due not to empirical equations but to the exchange of gauge boson radiation. Where partially shielded by mass, the inward pressure causes gravity. Apples are pushed downwards towards the earth, a shield: ‘… the source of the gravitational field [gauge boson radiation] can be taken to be a perfect fluid…. A fluid is a continuum that ‘flows’... A perfect fluid is defined as one in which all antislipping forces are zero, and the only force between neighboring fluid elements is pressure.’ – Bernard Schutz, General Relativity, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 89-90.
LeSage in 1748 argued that there is some kind of pressure in space, and that masses shield one another from the space pressure, thus being pushed together by the unshielded space pressure on the opposite side. Feynman discussed LeSage in November 1964 lectures Character of Physical Law, and elsewhere explained that the major advance of general relativity, the contraction term, shortens the radius of every mass, like the effect of a pressure mechanism for gravity! He does not derive the equation, but we will do so below.
GENERAL RELATIVITY’S HEURISTICALLY EXPLAINED PRESSURE-CONTRACTION EFFECT AND INERTIAL ACCELERATION-RESISTANCE CONTRACTION
Penrose’s Perimeter Institute lecture is interesting: ‘Are We Due for a New Revolution in Fundamental Physics?’ Penrose suggests quantum gravity will come from modifying quantum field theory to make it compatible with general relativity…I like the questions at the end where Penrose is asked about the ‘funnel’ spatial pictures of blackholes, and points out they’re misleading illustrations, since you’re really dealing with spacetime not a hole or distortion in 2 dimensions. The funnel picture really shows a 2-d surface distorted into 3 dimensions, where in reality you have a 3-dimensional surface distorted into 4 dimensional spacetime. In his essay on general relativity in the book ‘It Must Be Beautiful’, Penrose writes: ‘… when there is matter present in the vicinity of the deviating geodesics, the volume reduction is proportional to the total mass that is surrounded by the geodesics. This volume reduction is an average of the geodesic deviation in all directions … Thus, we need an appropriate entity that measures such curvature averages. Indeed, there is such an entity, referred to as the Ricci tensor …’ Feynman discussed this simply as a reduction in radial distance around a mass of (1/3)MG/c2 = 1.5 mm for Earth. It’s such a shame that the physical basics of general relativity are not taught, and the whole thing gets abstruse. The curved space or 4-d spacetime description is needed to avoid Pi varying due to gravitational contraction of radial distances but not circumferences.
The velocity needed to escape from the gravitational field of a mass (ignoring atmospheric drag), beginning at distance x from the centre of mass, by Newton’s law will be v = (2GM/x)1/2, so v2 = 2GM/x. The situation is symmetrical; ignoring atmospheric drag, the speed that a ball falls back and hits you is equal to the speed with which you threw it upwards (the conservation of energy). Therefore, the energy of mass in a gravitational field at radius x from the centre of mass is equivalent to the energy of an object falling there from an infinite distance, which by symmetry is equal to the energy of a mass travelling with escape velocity v.
By Einstein’s principle of equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass, this gravitational acceleration field produces an identical effect to ordinary motion. Therefore, we can place the square of escape velocity (v2 = 2GM/x) into the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction, giving g = (1 – v2/c2)1/2 = [1 – 2GM/(xc2)]1/2.
However, there is an important difference between this gravitational transformation and the usual Fitzgerald-Lorentz transformation, since length is only contracted in one dimension with velocity, whereas length is contracted equally in 3 dimensions (in other words, radially outward in 3 dimensions, not sideways between radial lines!), with spherically symmetric gravity. Using the binomial expansion to the first two terms of each:
Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction effect: g = x/x0 = t/t0 = m0/m = (1 – v2/c2)1/2 = 1 – ½v2/c2 + ...
Gravitational contraction effect: g = x/x0 = t/t0 = m0/m = [1 – 2GM/(xc2)]1/2 = 1 – GM/(xc2) + ...,
where for spherical symmetry ( x = y = z = r), we have the contraction spread over three perpendicular dimensions not just one as is the case for the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction: x/x0 + y/y0 + z/z0 = 3r/r0. Hence the radial contraction of space around a mass is r/r0 = 1 – GM/(xc2) = 1 – GM/[(3rc2]
Therefore, clocks slow down not only when moving at high velocity, but also in gravitational fields, and distance contracts in all directions toward the centre of a static mass. The variation in mass with location within a gravitational field shown in the equation above is due to variations in gravitational potential energy. The contraction of space is by (1/3) GM/c2.
This is the 1.5-mm contraction of earth’s radius Feynman obtains, as if there is pressure in space. An equivalent pressure effect causes the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction of objects in the direction of their motion in space, similar to the wind pressure when moving in air, but without viscosity. Feynman was unable to proceed with the LeSage gravity and gave up on it in 1965. However, we have a solution…
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PROOF BY RADIATION PRESSURE: There is strong evidence from electromagnetic theory that every fundamental particle has black-hole cross-sectional shield area for the fluid analogy of general relativity.The effective shielding radius of a black hole of mass M is equal to 2GM/c2. A shield, like the planet earth, is composed of very small, sub-atomic particles. The very small shielding area per particle means that there will be an insignificant chance of the fundamental particles within the earth ‘overlapping’ one another by being directly behind each other. The total shield area is therefore directly proportional to the total mass: the total shield area is equal to the area of shielding by 1 fundamental particle, multiplied by the total number of particles. (Newton showed that a spherically symmetrical arrangement of masses, say in the earth, by the inverse-square gravity law is similar to the gravity from the same mass located at the centre, because the mass within a shell depends on its area and the square of its radius.) The earth’s mass in the standard model is due to particles associated with up and down quarks: the Higgs field. From the illustration above, the total outward force of the big bang, (total outward force) = ma = (mass of universe).(Hubble acceleration, a = Hc, see detailed discussion and proof further on below), while the gravity force is the shielded inward reaction (by Newton’s 3rd law the outward force has an equal and opposite reaction): F = (total outward force).(cross-sectional area of shield projected to radius R) / (total spherical area with radius R). The cross-sectional area of shield projected to radius R is equal to the area of the fundamental particle ( p multiplied by the square of the radius of the black hole of similar mass), multiplied by the (R/r)2 which is the inverse-square law for the geometry of the implosion. The total spherical area with radius R is simply four times p, multiplied by the square of R. Inserting simple Hubble law results c = RH and R/c = 1/H give us F = (4/3)p r G2M2/(Hr)2. We then set this equal to F=Ma and solve, getting G = (3/4)H2/(p r ). When the effect of the higher density in the universe at the great distance R is included, this becomesG = (3/4)H2/( p r (local) e3).Feynman discuss the LeSage gravity idea in ‘Character of Physical Law’ 1965 BBC lectures, with a diagram showing that if there is a pressure in space, shielding masses will create a net push. ‘If your paper isn’t read, they are ignorant of it. It isn’t even a put-down, just a fact.’ – my comment on Motl’s blog. The next comment was from Peter Woit: ‘in terms of experimentally checkable predictions, no one has made any especially significant ones since the standard model came together in 1973 with asymptotic freedom.’ Woit has seen the censorship problem! Via the October 1996 Electronics World letters, this mechanism – which Dr Philip Campbell of Nature had said he was ‘not able’ to publish – correctly predicted that the universe would not be gravitationally decelerating. This was confirmed two years later experimentally by the discovery of Perlmutter, which Nature did publish, although it omitted to say that it had been predicted. The standard approach of science-censors is ‘hear no evil, see no evil and speak no evil’, pretending these facts are illucid but not saying which facts they cannot grasp, preferring crackpot string theory which is a fraud from start to finish. |
PROOF BY THE SPACETIME FOAM FABRIC:Apples fall because of gauge boson shielding by nuclear atoms (mainly void space). The same pressure causes the general relativity contraction term.STEP 1: Pressure is force/area. By geometry (illustrated (1) Force, F = Pspace Ashielding = (Fspace /Ar).(ArM/Muniverse) = Fspace.M/Muniverse Next (see step 2 below): introduce Fspace = mspace aH. Here, Hubble velocity variation in spacetime (v = HR) implies an acceleration equal to: aH = dv/dt = c/t = c/(1/H) = cH = RH2, while mspace = m(AR/Ar) = m(R/r)2, and the mass of the universe is its density, (2) F = Fspace.M/Muniverse = (mspace aH)M/Muniverse = m(R/r)2(RH2)M/ [( r 4pR3 /3)]STEP 2: Air is flowing around you like a wave as you as you walk down a corridor (an equal volume goes in the other direction at the same speed, filling in the volume you are vacating as you move). It is not possible for the surrounding fluid to move in the same direction, or a void would form BEHIND and fluid pressure would continuously increase in FRONT until motion stopped. Therefore, an equal volume of the surrounding fluid moves in the opposite direction at the same speed, pemitting uniform motion to occur! Similarly, as fundamental particles move in space, a similar amount of mass-energy in the fabric of space (spin foam vacuum field) is displaced as a wave around the particles in the opposite direction, filling in the void volume being continuously vacated behind them. For the mass of the big bang, the mass-energy of Higgs/virtual particle field particles in the moving fabric of space is similar to the mass of the universe. As the big bang mass goes outward, the fabric of space goes inward around each fundamental particle, filling in the vacated volume. (This inward moving fabric of space exerts pressure, causing the force of gravity.) ‘Popular accounts, and even astronomers, talk about expanding space. But how is it possible for space … to expand? … ‘Good question,’ says [Steven] Weinberg. ‘The answer is: space does not expand. Cosmologists sometimes talk about expanding space – but they should know better.’ [Martin] Rees agrees wholeheartedly. ‘Expanding space is a very unhelpful concept’.’ – New Scientist, 17 April 1993, pp. 32-3. The effective mass of the spacetime fabric moving inward which actually produces the gravity effect is equal to that which is exactly shielded by the mass (illustrated here). So mspace = m, but we also have to allow for the greater distance of the mass which is producing the gravity force by implosion. To take account of focussing due to the ‘implosion’ of space fabric pressure (see diagram) converging in to us in step 1 above (illustration above), we scale: mspace /m = AR / Ar. Hence: mspace = mAR / Ar = m(R/r)2. This is because nearby areas on which force acts to produce pressure are much smaller than the area of sky at the very great distances where the recession and density are high and produce the source of space pressure and thus gravity.The big bang recession velocities vary from 0 to c with distance for observable times of 15,000 million years towards zero, so the matter of the universe has an effective outward acceleration of c divided by the age of the universe. This acceleration, a = c/t = cH = RH2 where H is the Hubble constant (in v = HR), is so small that its effects are generally undetectable. (Notice that if we could see and experience forces instantly, the universe would not show this acceleration. This acceleration is only real because we can’t see the universe at an age of 15 Gyr irrespective of distance. By Newton’s 2nd law, the actual outward force, when properly allowing for the varying effective density of the observed universe as a function of spacetime, is large and by Newton’s 3rd law it has an equal and opposite reaction, inward force which, where shielded, is gravity.) (3) F = m(R/r)2(RH2)M/ [( r 4pR3 /3)] = (3/4)mMH2/(rpr2)Next, for mass continuity, (4) F = (3/4) mMH2/( p r2 r local e3 ) = mMG/r2, where G = (3/4) H2/( p r local e3 ) = 0.0119H2/r local = 6.7 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2, accurate to within 1.65% using reliable supernovae data reported in Physical Review Letters! If there were any other reason for gravity with similar accuracy, the strength of gravity would then be twice what we measure, so this is a firm testable prediction/confirmation that can be checked more delicately. |
SYMBOLS
F = force = ma = PA
M = mass of Earth
P = force / area = F/A = ‘pressure’
A = surface area of a sphere, 4
p times (radius squared)r = distance from person to centre of mass of shield (Earth)
R = radius to big bang gravity source
H = Hubble constant = apparent speed v of galaxy clusters radially from us divided by their distance R when the light was emitted = v/R, hence v = HR = dR/dt, so dt = dR/(RH):
aH = dv/dt = [d(RH)]/[dR/(RH)] = RH.d(RH)/dR = RH2 = cH; a constant (Hubble saw light coming from fixed times past, not from stars at fixed distances).
r
= density of universe (higher at great distances in space time, when the age was less and it was more compressed, dr/dt = -Ñ .(rv) = -3rH. So: r = r local e3, see be)G = universal gravitational constant (previously impossible to predict from general relativity or string theory)
p
= circumference divided by the diameter of a circle, approx. 3.14159265…e = base of natural logarithms, approx. 2.718281828…
Phil Reed
Letters to the Editor
Electronics World
30 June 2004
Dear Sir:
‘Electronic Universe’ article, Apr. 2003 EW, proves G =
3H2
But the increasing spread of matter with increasing distance partly offsets this increase, as proven when we
put the observed Hubble equation (v = Hr) into the mass continuity equation and solve it. For spherical symmetry, dx = dy = dz = dr. Mass continuity implies: dρ/dt = -Ñ (ρv) = -Ñ .(ρHr) = 3d(ρHr)/dr = -3ρH. Solving dρ/dt = -3ρH by rearranging, integrating, then using exponentials to get rid of the natural logarithms (resulting from the integration) gives the increased density to be ρe3Ht, where e is Euler’s constant (2.718 ...). In the absence of gravitational retardation (i.e. with the cause of gravity as inward reaction of space to the outward big bang), H = 1/t when H = v/r = c/(radius of universe) = 1/t, where t is the age of the universe, so e3Ht = e3 and observed G = 3H2/(4πe3ρ).Nugent, Physical Review Letters (v75 p394), cites decay of nickel-63 from supernovae, obtaining H = 50 km/sec/Mps (where 1 Mps = 3.086x1022 m). The density of visible matter at our local time has long been known to be 4x10-28 kg/m3. However, White and Fabian in the March 1995 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, using the Einstein Observatory satellite data, estimate that invisible gas increases this density by 15%.
Using these data, G = 3H2
/(4πe3ρ) = 6.783x10-11 Nm2kg-2, 1.65% higher than the physical measurement for G of 6.673x10-11 Nm2kg-2. So current data predicts acceleration of just under 10 ms-2 at the Earth’s surface, compared to the observed value of about 9.8 ms-2. This proves Catt’s insistence on the reality of the 377-ohm fabric of space beyond any reasonable doubt.Yours sincerely,
Nigel Cook
PROOF CHECK (LONG VERSION) Nigel Cook
Standard equation for mass continuity (conservation of mass in an expanding gas, etc):
dρ/dt +
Ñ (ρv) = 0Or
dρ/dt = -
Ñ (ρv)Where divergence term -
Ñ .(ρv) = -[{d(ρv)x/dx} + {d(ρv)y/dy} + {d(ρv)z/dz}]For spherical symmetry
dx = dy = dz = dr, where r is radius (note: this has nothing to do with the sum of the squares of the differential elements of distance, so the abusive anonymous ‘moderator’ on ‘Physics Forums’ who claimed this so, made vacuous personal sneers, and then banned all response, merely proved the ignorance of charlatans)
Hubble equation
v = Hr
Hence
dρ/dt = -
Ñ (ρv) = -Ñ .(ρHr) = -[{d(ρHr)/dr} + {d(ρHr)/dr} + {d(ρHr)/dr}]= -3d(ρHr)/dr
= -3ρHdr/dr
= -3ρH
So dρ/dt = -3ρH. Rearranging:
-3Hdt =
ò (1/ρ) dρ. Integrating both sides:-3Ht = (ln ρ
1) – (ln ρ). Using the base of natural logarithms e to get rid of the ln’s:e-3Ht
= ρ1/ρBecause H = v/r = c/(radius of universe) = 1/(age of universe, t) = 1/t:
e-3Ht
= ρ1/ρ= e-3(1/t)t = e-3
Therefore
ρ = ρ
1e3 = 20.085537 ρ1.So using the result in the April 2003 EW,
G = 3H2/(4πρ)
= 3H2
/(4πe3ρ1)where ρ
1 is the local-time observed density of the universe. This is correct to within 1.7%.It beats ‘quantum gravity’ speculations which give no prediction of G whatsoever, whereas general relativity actually uses the measured value of G as a constant to make calculations, rather than predicting it.
