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Bessel Van't Woudt
Life can develop under suitable conditions, but it is temporary, as
is matter surrounding us. The temporary status implies a change from one
form to another, necessarily without loss of energy, energy being
indestructible.
The sequence in form implies going from concentrated to dispersed
energy, a process referred to as entropy. Progressive dispersal of
energy implies continual expansion of the universe, presunably until
energy is so dispersed that further expansion is hardly possible. The
question arises: is unending entropy a reality or can there be a
reversal from dispersed to concentrated energy ?
This leads to antimatter (or its precursor, see below) with electric
charges opposite to those in matter. Antimatter should match matter
throughout. but except in traces, it has remained unobservable from
earth.
The presumed absence led to a proposal that the forerunners of two
volumes of matter and one volume of antimatter caused the latter to
disappear just after the big bang. The evidence for this is still rather
unsure, with the consequence that persistence of antimatter in the
universe to-day is by no means an impossibility. Invisible antimatter
to-day could be explained if it stayed in a disperse state, that is
without atom or molecule formation, such as applies to matter. In fact,
recent work indicates that antimatter does not behave like matter at the
subatomic level, even though how it does behave was not yet made clear.
Unseen antimatter may well survive in the vast space between stars
and galaxies, provided it is delineated by a magnetic shield, for which
there is increasing belief, if not evidence. Where such a shield is
pierced, annihilation of matter and antimatter occurs with violent
release of energy. This is potentially observable from earth, perhaps
explaining some violent phenomena of obscure origin.
Knowledge of antimatter has remained restricted because any contact
by it with matter (which surrounds us) leads to mutual annihilation with a
release of energy represented by the two structures. This results in two
jets, one opposite the other, one leading to matter and one with an
antimatter background, as was illustrated by observations arising from
the recent creation of the top quark.
A persisting antimatter background should be pulled into black holes.
This should lead to an annihilation process within a black hole, still an
entirely new concept by present-day knowledge. Nevertheless,
observations of two jets, one opposite the other, emanating from galactic centres,
point in that direction.
However, the way matter and antimatter reach a black hole would
remain a puzzle if one assumes that a black hole is in a stationary
central position within a galaxy. Just as valid an assumption could be
that a black hole is part of a rotating system, with an opportunity to
collect en route. The proportion of matter and antimatter that is
collected would determine whether a black hole grows or is exterminated.
The above suggests an alternative to the big bang theory. The
proposed role of black holes leads to a cyclic universe by which energy,
even though still subject to dispersal, is reconcentrated from time to
time. "
Frank Andrews, Astronomer, Carter Observatory, Wellington,
N.Z. May 30, 2000
Dear Frank.
Your comments of 4/4. paragraph by paragraph, has been much
appreciated.. It took some time to have them reviewed by my cobbers,
here and overseas. Even though amateurs (as we all are in this field) we
persist in adhering to a cyclic universe, without thermodynamic infinity
and without energy that is not in one form or other.
In the notes on Eternal Sequence of Existence a cyclic universe
was proposed that is one without thermodynamic infinity
and without energy that is not in one form or other. Within a cyclic
universe energy can be in a concentrated form , as in matter, or in
dispersed form, as in space/time. If there were no reversal, all energy
would ultimately end up as space/time.
One likes to think that the latter is counteracted by some process
of regeneration, most likely through black holes. One has been ascribing
jets from galactic centres arising from material flowing into black
holes rather than originating from the black holes themselves. The
latter requires some regenerating mechanism within the black holes. If
an original idea that this were provided by the meeting of matter and
antimatter in black holes does not hold, there is another possibility.
If one considers space/time to be part of the spectrum "matter,
radiation, space/time" one goes from vibration to increasing wavelength,
that of space/time probably being unmeasurable to us. If space/time were
the inflow material into a black hole, on compression this would lead to
ever decreasing wavelength till explosion leads to two opposing jets
(one of matter and probably of antimatter). One problem is: if this
mechanism were a reality, how can megaholes develop? Are the latter a
reality ?
Within a cyclic universe one wonders about a need to chase after
elusive, possibly non-existent dark matter, but still leaving questions
about the existence and the role of antimatter, that affects part of the
spectrum.
Black holes as regenerating mechanisms