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ABSOLUTE STATES OF MOTION
D. N. Giao
hobichngok@lycos.com
INTRODUCTION
Consider a spherical lab, its physical wall being ignored (so
that the wall may not interfere with physical goings-on inside the lab), which
can be subjected to some state of motion relative to an observer outside it,
herein called briefly a lab. The interior of the Pantheon, which is
subjected to uniform rotational motion (together with its location on Earth),
where Foucault did his famous experiment, is such a lab. The Earthly sphere,
which is subjected to uniform rectilinear motion in a short time during its
circumsolar motion, is also a lab; in a tiny section of that lab did Michelson
and Morley perform their well-known experiment (Fig 1). The Solar sphere,
housing the Solar System, is another lab which is subjected to uniform
rectilinear motion, as explained later.
Figure
1
As known as the classical "principle of
relativity", there’s nothing inside a lab which indicates to the observer
inside it (herein called a local observer) whether or not his lab is in
uniform rectilinear motion relative to
an observer outside it (herein called a mirror observer).
This paper will show that uniform rectilinear motion is an absolute
state of motion which can be detected by the local observer without
reference to any mirror observer. Why should we dispense with the mirror observer,
is there any inconvenience with him? Yes, there are:
·
the mirror observer does not always exist;
for example, there is no observer outside our universe to whom we local
observers can refer for the knowledge about our universe being in motion or not.
·
even though the mirror observer is available, we are never sure that he is truly
at rest: he may also be in some state of motion relative to a third
observer.
·
even though the mirror observer is truly at rest, the reference made to him
by a local observer requires the assumption that time must flow with the
same rate for both observers, otherwise one observer may have already passed
away at the instant the other one is referring to him!
·
even so, the reference made by a local observer to a mirror observer is not
immediate because it is done by means of communication (sending and receiving
signals); imagine we communicate with an observer outside our universe at a
distance of 20 billion light years to see that such a reference is quite
meaningless.
Therefore, knowledge about relative motion is not reliable, the
derivation of which depends on the presence of a physical mirror observer whose
true state is not known. But if we could assume the presence of an ideal official
observer who is:
·
always
available for the reference of all local observers,
·
absolutely
at rest,
·
immediately
referable (not by the traditional way of sending and receiving signals),
then reliable knowledge about absolute
motion would be gained.
THE ASSUMPTIONS
1.
Space has density.
Saying that our real universe is embedded in space implies
that space must be some real thing rather than “emptiness” or
“nothingness” as it has been mis-understood, for a real thing cannot be
embedded in “nothingness”. But in what aspect can space be real? Space cannot be
real in the sense that it is a physical substance, for no one ever has the
experience to feel or measure space. In this theory, space is real in the sense
that it has density and space density may be uniform or varying from
place to place inside a lab depending on the motion state of the lab.
Figure 2
2.
How space density is distributed inside a lab determines the geometry of
space inside the lab.
Figure 3
3.
A lab absolutely at rest is a lab wherein space density is uniform and
the geometry of space is Euclidean.
Figure 4
4.
Space density itself determines the
length unit inside a lab.
The higher the
space density, the smaller the length
unit; for example, one meter in lab C would be shorter than one meter in lab B
and one meter in lab B shorter than one meter in lab A, if the three length
scales were compared with each other (Fig 5).
Figure 5
By this assumption, there would be various “at rest” labs with various
space densities and, therefore, various
length scales. So a description of the “at rest” lab in our own current
world would not be complete without information about its particular space
density.
5.
In our own current world, the absolutely-at-rest lab is characterized by
a [constant] space density such that 299,792,458 meters is the distance light
can be transmitted in one second.
That lab is herein
called the official lab, to which the official observer [introduced
above] is local. Assumptions 3 and 5 define what is herein called the official observer’s viewpoint:
·
geometry
of space is always Euclidean, for example p=3.14159,
·
light speed is always 299,792,458 meters/second, no more and no less.
The fact that no light-speed value other than 299,792,458
m/s has ever been measured in any lab we’ve ever been local to, be it at rest
or in motion relatively, suggests the next assumption.
6.
We local observers always interprete our observations from the official
observer’s viewpoint.
By this assumption, all local observers adopt the official
observer’s time scale, or differently speaking, there is only one time flow rate in our current world: the instants
called “now” in all labs are coincident (Fig 6). Time cannot be “dilated” in
any lab be it in any motion states.
Figure 6
THE THEORY
We have so far constructed the ideal official observer in our
own current world who is:
·
absolutely
at rest, by assumption 3,
·
always
available for reference, by assumption 6,
·
truly
referable, by assumption 6 (we and he use the same time scale),
·
immediately
referable, by assumption 6 (we can refer to him by adopting his
viewpoint rather than sending signals to him, and his viewpoint is clearly
defined by assumptions 3 and 5),
An example of how a local observer refers to the official
observer is illustrated below (Fig 7).
Figure 7
|
observations |
as might be seen from the local observer’s viewpoint (lab A) |
as must be seen from the official observer’s viewpoint (lab B) |
|
light
is transmitted at … |
…constant
speed |
…constant
speed of 299,792,458 m/s |
|
along
… |
…straight line |
…Euclideanly
curved line |
|
so… |
…nothing
has happened to the light ray, the light ray taking its “natural” path |
…something
has happened to the light ray, forcing the light ray to deviate from its
“natural” path (dashed line) |
“Something has happened to the light ray” in this example,
herein called an absolutistic effect, is the physical evidence of
(1) the particular non-uniform distribution of space density in the lab and, therefore,
(2) the particular non-rest state of the lab. The knowledge of the [absolute] non-rest
state of the lab is reliable, for it
is supported by physical evidence.
So, we may conclude, space is real not in the aspect that
the observer can feel it or measure it, but in the aspect that the observer
can observe the physical evidence of space-density distribution inside a lab.
Let C stand for “light speed”, G
for “geometry”, P for “physics”, M for “modification”, E
for “absolutistic effect”, {0} for “the official lab”, {1} for
“an arbitrary lab”, /* for “from the official observer’s viewpoint”, and
the theory of absolute motion states may be summarized in four lines:
C{1}/* = C{0}/*
G{1}/* = G{0}/* + M
P{1}/* = P{0}/* + E
{1}/* ¹ {0}/*
In Fig 7, we have:
C{1}/* = C{0}/*
G{1}/* = G{0}/* + curved
line
P{1}/* = P{0}/* +
something which forces a light ray to deviate from its natural path
and
{1}/* ¹ {0}/*
Now we are ready to study the most simple and frequent state
of motion in our current world – uniform rectilinear motion.
THE
Distribution of space density
Let a lab be in uniform rectilinear
motion ("URM") along its XX’ axis, from left to right, relative to a
mirror observer who is presumedly at rest. In such a URM lab, space density is not uniform any
more but changing from the normal level at the fore side to a higher level at
the rear side, the changing rate not necessarily being constant.
Figure 8
Different URM speeds cause different
intensities of asymmetry in space-density distribution inside a URM lab (Fig
9).
Figure 9
Modification of geometry
Due to the particular non-uniform
distribution of space density, a line joining two arbitrary points inside a URM
lab is not straight but curved, except the XX’ line which remains straight,
from the official observer’s viewpoint.
Figure 10
The
absolutistic effect
The curved path of every moving object inside a URM lab, be
it a point mass in URM or a light ray, indicates that the object has been acted
upon by a force (yellow arrows in Fig 11), from the official observer’s
viewpoint.
Figure 11
In case the object’s trajectory and the straight XX’ line concur,
the force will either accelerate or deaccelerate the object’s motion depending
on whether the object’s motion is against or along the lab’s URM direction.
Figure 12
The mysterious force appears to be:
·
directed
against the lab’s URM direction,
·
working
everywhere inside the lab, not generating from any fixed source,
·
acting
upon moving objects: the faster the object, the stronger the force,
That force, apparently due to the difference of space
density between two points insde a URM lab, herein called spatiomotive force,
is just the absolutistic effect which evidences the
absolute URM state of the lab. The higher the lab’s URM
speed, the stronger the force. The absolutism of URM may be summarized as
follows:
C{1}/* = C{0}/*
G{1}/* = G{0}/* + curved
lines,
P{1}/* = P{0}/* +
spatiomotive force,
{1}/* ¹ {0}/*.
Spatiomotive force does not come from nothing, it originates from the primitive force which
had set the lab into URM, or differently speaking, spatiomotive force is
the remnant of that primitive force inside a URM lab.
Verification of
spatiomotive force
The presence of spatiomotive force in a URM lab may be
verified by more than one experiment. In what follows, the lab is in URM along
XX’ direction and the experiments are done in the XZ plane of the lab (Figs 8-9).
Experiment 1
In the XZ plane of a lab, a light ray is emitted from center
O to point A and bounces back to O by a mirror mounted at A (Fig 13). If the
lab is absolutely at rest, the mirror must be parallel to
Figure 13
Experiment 2
In the XZ plane of a lab, mark two points A and B at the
same distance from center O (Fig 14). Split a light ray in two at O and, at the
same time, set ray 1 on round trip O-A-O (by means of a mirror properly mounted
at A) and ray 2 on round trip O-B-O (by means of another mirror properly mounted
at B). If the lab is absolutely at rest (Fig 14a), then
OAO = OBO
and both light rays get back to O at
the same time.
If the lab is in absolute URM along OB direction (Fig 14b),
then ray 2 is deaccelerated from O to B and accelerated from B to O, so its
average speed remains roughly the same as the speed of ray 1, but
OAO > OBO
so ray 1 will get back to O later than ray 2, resulting in an
observable change in the fringe
pattern.
Figure 14
Experiment 2 may be performed on Earth to detect the
absolute URM of the Earthly sphere in a short time during its circumsolar
motion. Actually the experiment had been performed, the well-known Michelson-Morley
experiment, for a different purpose; unfortunately it failed to show any significant
fringe shift as decisive proof of the absolute effect, namely, the spatiomotive
force in the Earthly sphere. As discussed later, that failure is due to insufficient scope of the experiment,
not due to the true absence of the absolutistic effect.
Experiment 3
In the XZ plane of a lab, mark two points A and B at the
same distance in opposite directions from point O (Fig 15), and, at the same
time, emit a light ray from O to A and another from O to B. If the lab is
absolutely at rest, both light rays reach their destination at the same time
(Fig 15a). If the lab is in absolute URM along AOB direction, one light ray
will reach A sooner
than the other reaches B. That phenomenon is not due to OA shrinking and
therefore being shorter than
Figure 15
Another version of experiment 3 had
been performed, the famous Sagnac experiment, and it had indeed provided decisive
proof of the spatiomotive force in a URM lab.
Consider a ring-shaped lab (Fig 16). From an arbitrary point
O inside the lab, at the same time, emit two light rays in opposite directions
so that both light rays may come back to O with the help of many mirrors
properly placed throughout the lab. If the ring-shaped lab is absolutely at
rest, both light rays reach O at the same time (Fig 16a). If the ring-shaped
lab is in uniform rotational motion, a small section of the lab, during a short
time, may be considered as in URM state; the spatiomotive force arising in
every URM sections will de-accelerated one light ray and accelerated the other
so that, finally, the light ray traveling against
the lab’s URM direction will get home sooner
than the other, resulting in a fringe shift (Fig 16b).
Figure 16
Experiment 4
Inside a lab, let a “light sphere” expand and take a snapshot of its cross section in the XZ plane after a time. If the lab is absolutely at rest, the cross section of the light sphere is a perfect circle (Fig 17a). If the lab is in absolute URM, the cross section of the light sphere would become egg-shaped due to the impact of spatiomotive force (Fig 17b).
Figure 17
Experiment 5
In the XZ plane of a lab, set point mass A
in uniform curvilinear motion around point mass B under the action of B’s
gravitational force (Fig 18). If the lab is absolutely at rest, the orbit of A
is a perfect circle (Fig 18a). If the lab is in absolute URM, the orbit of A
will be egg-shaped (Fig 18b).
Figure 18
The egg-shaped orbit of point mass A in the URM lab is due to the effect of spatiomotive force, not due to any change in the mass of B or A.
Experiment 6
In the YZ plane of a lab, set point mass A
in uniform curvilinear motion around point mass B under the action of B’s
gravitational force (Fig 19). If the lab is absolutely at rest, the centrifugal
force v2 is balanced by
the gravitational force v1
everywhere on A’s orbit:
v2 = v1
Figure 19
If the lab is in absolute URM (Fig 20), AB becomes a curved line, and the original equality
along the curved line AB
v2 = v1
becomes an inequality along the straight
line AB
v’2 < v’1
that is, the centrifugal force would be slightly
smaller than the gravitational force
everywhere on A’s orbit around B, from the official observer’s viewpoint.
Therefore, point mass A will have an orbital speed slightly larger than normal everywhere on its orbit so that the centrifugal force
may be balanced by the gravitational force and the stability of AB system may
be maintained.
Figure 20
The bitmap of the curved line AB (Fig 21) clearly
show the inequalities
v’2 < v’1
along it. The inequality is very
remarkable at B then weaker and weaker, finally almost vanishes at some
distance.
Figure 21
Such a phenomenon has been observed
in the Solar System where all planets have slightly-larger-than-normal orbital
speeds in their circumsolar motion. That effect, as known as "advance of
the perihelion", indicates that the
Solar System is
currently in absolute state of URM in a direction perpendicular to the plane of
the ecliptic (Fig 22).
Figure 22
Fig 21 shows that the "advance of the perihelion"
is largest with the innermost planet, namely, Mercury, then
gradually decreases outward.
The small gain in a planet’s orbital
speed is due to, again, spatiomotive force inside the URM Solar Sphere. That
force, by the way, should accelerate the solar wind blowing in X’X direction
(against the URM direction) and deaccelerate the solar wind blowing in XX’
direction (along the URM direction).
DISCUSSION
The
classical lab size
Although a URM lab is definitely distinguishable from the
official lab in term of space-density distribution, a tiny section of the URM lab is roughly the same as a tiny
section of the official lab in term of space-density distribution (Fig 23).
Figure 23
Consequently, the geometry of space in a URM lab section [1] is roughly the same as in an
official lab section [0] (Fig 24).
Figure 24
Then the extra terms M
(curved paths of moving objects) and E
(spatiomotive force) may be neglectable, and the absolutism of URM becomes:
C[1]/* = C[0]/*
G[1]/* » G[0]/*
P[1]/* » P[0]/*
[1]/* » [0]/*
The size of that tiny lab section whose URM state is very
difficult to detect, no matter what experiments we can do inside it, is herein
called the classical lab size. In
order for its URM state to be detectable, a URM lab should be bigger than the
classical lab size. The higher the
URM speed, the smaller the classical
lab size. For example, the modest size of an everyday car is much smaller than the
classical lab size, considering the car’s small URM speed, so it is very
difficult to detect the car’s URM. But if the car could have an extraordinarily
high URM speed (say 10,000 kms/sec!) its usual size would
be sufficient for its absolute URM to be experimentally detectable.
The failure of M&M experiment
Let’s
come back to the Earthly sphere (Fig 25a) and M&M experiment (Fig 25b).
Figure 25
If
M&M experiment had been carried out in the whole lab (the Earthly sphere),
the absolutistic effect of spatiomotive force would have been verified by a
fringe shift as observed by the experimenter, namely, the local URM Earth
observer.
In
fact, the experiment had been done in a tiny section of the Earthly sphere (Fig
26a), i.e. a tiny section of the lab (Fig 26b), in which the paths of the two
light rays were roughly straight and equal, consequently, the fringe shift was
very difficult to be produced, which had been mistaken as no fringe shift at all.
Figure 26
As
long as M&M experiment is done in an area smaller than the classical lab
size, considering the Earthly sphere’s URM speed, the experiment continues to
give negative result, no matter how far it is relocated from the Earth, because
the Earth itself (its gravitational field and/or its magnetic field) does not
play any role in the experiment.
Figure 27
CONCLUSION
It is space density which determines
the length unit and it is space-density
distribution which determines the
geometry of space inside a lab (Fig 28c). That is contrary to the general
theory of relativity where geometry is determined by matter (Fig 28b).
Figure 28
The fixed value of a geometrical constant, say p=3.14159,
as well as a physical constant, say c=299,792,458, in our current world, is available
only from the official observer’s viewpoint
Knowledge
about relative motion is not reliable, for it depends on a physical mirror
observer whose true state is not known. Knowledge about absolute motion derived
in reference to an ideal official
observer, is reliable, for it is supported by physical evidence.
Uniform rectilinear motion has been shown to be an absolute
state of motion as can be detected by a local observer from the official
observer’s viewpoint. The physical evidence is spatiomotive force, which
explains the Sagnac experiment result in a ring-shaped lab as well as the
advance of the planets’ perihelion in the Solar System. Various experiments
have been proposed for the purpose of verifying spatiomotive force arising in
URM labs. M&M experiment is such an experiment and its failure to reveal
the evidence of the Earhtly sphere’s absolute URM state is due to the
experiment’s insufficient scope, not due to the true absence of the evidence.
So it’s high time to abandon the belief that “the universe
may be so constituted that it is impossible by any kind of experiment whatever
to detect absolute motion through space”, as a textbook says, and confess that such
a belief only reflects total failure of man in understanding nature. If a man
in a train could not know whether the train is moving or not without looking
out of the train, then he would not be more intelligent than “a calf with
mournful eyes on a wagon bound for market”, as a song says.
01-Feb-04
revised 19-Feb-07